Conflict Resolution free essay sample

It recognizes strife in the setting where hierarchical partners seek after assorted interests and make contending claims on assets, and attempts to empower all partners make some level of progress. Where does struggle originate from? Pluralists don't concur the suggestion that objectives of associations are certainly comprehended and concurred with by all members. For pluralists, there are changing objectives sought after by differentiated people or gatherings of the authoritative partners which are not generally steady with the top target. The inconceivability to accomplish a general association objective along with different wellsprings of contention, for example, auxiliary, scant assets, diverse worth framework, makes struggle a normally happening marvel in this unique circumstance, coming about because of quest for contending cases and requests. Depict strife: * Multifaceted Conflicts in this methodology, is multifaceted, rising up out of various weight focuses both inside and outside the association. With complex arrangements of strains and various cases, strife circumstances can be intrapersonal, where an individual is clashed over objectives, and relational, where at least two people can't help contradicting one another, or intragroup, intergroup, intraorganisational and interorganisational. Casual gatherings are those that are not officially organized and are not part of the authoritative structure (Robbins, 2007). These gatherings are commonly comprised of representatives who have discovered shared belief through close to home discussion. At the point when one worker sees a conduct in another representative that they can identify with, it gives the impulse to discussion and the start of a relationship. This kind of gathering is useful for the individuals who need to have a type of social contact, for example, another worker or one that is somewhat timid in any case. This sort of gathering is viewed as a companionship gathering (Robbins, 2007). Fellowship bunches regularly get together outside of work to proceed with their relationship and expand on shared traits, for example, a most loved games, kids, cards, and so forth. As of late, a gathering was shaped by the benefit insurance director that incorporated a few workers who were allocated to look out for the film show paths. This established an errand gathering (Robbins, 2007). Every one of the representatives allocated to this gathering, assigned as the â€Å"watch group† were from various divisions and included the entirety of the directors, resource assurance, and the nearby police office. Their doled out undertaking was to keep an eye out for clients who shoplifted motion pictures, which are high burglary things. Outfitted with a walkie-talkie and a â€Å"call code† in case of a possible burglary or dubious action, this gathering must organize correspondence and development to keep the suspect from leaving the premises with taken product. Curiously, this gathering has developed through volunteer endeavors and is the biggest assignment bunch at the nearby Sam’s Club. Gatherings are hung on a month to month premise to survey video tapes, audit laws and arrangements, and settle on choices on the most proficient method to bring issues to light in all workers. To encourage gatherings, there would should be more open doors for laborers to interface with each other. This may include expanding the quantity of laborers in a given move, or to have the executives recommend a specific reason that laborers may jump at the chance to get engaged with. In the gatherings that were depicted above, there are qualities and difficulties. One of the difficulties of a fellowship bunch is that it might will in general become cliquish or decline to incorporate others. At the point when a contention emerges among its individuals, that contention can overflow into the workplace and make issues where the board should step in and fathom it, just in light of the fact that the gathering is at chances with each other and can't understand it all alone. One of the qualities of the companionship bunch is that it can make an amicable situation that is seen by others and consequently prompts other kinship gatherings. While dependent on shared traits outside of work, the subject of work will emerge. A fellowship gathering may talk about issues inside the club and focus on arriving at an answer that could conceivably include a director. One issue might be the manner by which to get everybody together for a pleasant get-together, for example, a cookout or night of bowling. The distinctions among the individuals will bring different perspectives, and can prompt exuberant conversations that wind up being inefficient. The undertaking gathering, while given a particular errand must social affair and devise a â€Å"plan of attack† for impeding burglary, and decreasing stock shrinkage here. The test comes when there are holes in the watch because of representative unlucky deficiencies, or when a worker is briefly relegated to another zone, or other planning clashes. The capacity to get everybody in the gathering together to settle on choices on the arrangement of assault can be troublesome in that circumstance. It might be that the gathering should separate into littler gatherings, for example, gathering individuals by move or by days worked, at that point have one individual from each maller bunch get with the others to talk about how they will hand-off data relevant to the errand. One of the qualities of this gathering is that everybody knows what their identity is, and understands the significance of their errand. Due to its significance, the earnestness with which choices are comprehends authority, and a solicitation made by a gathering part to somebody outside the gathering is followed up on right away. The watch bunch has made a status that others might want to have. With regards to dynamic and the decent variety of a gathering, all thoughts should be thought of. Maybe through conversations, all thoughts can be offered then talk about the advantages and disadvantages of each to limit decisions until a ultimate conclusion can be made. At the beginning of a conversation, individuals from the gathering can set a period limit and an objective for the conversation. This assists with keeping everybody on target and cutoff points discussions and practices that might be diverting or off theme. Maybe having a conventional plan can help in keeping the conversation pushing ahead. At my Sam’s Club we additionally have groups. These groups are in the territories of part enrollment, security, soul, review, and manageability. Every one of these groups are supervisor driven groups. The part enlistment group is driven by the Membership Manager whose activity is to supervise the enrollment work area, front-end relates, the fax-n-pull partner, and the sign support partner. This group has week by week gatherings to survey participation numbers and enlistment techniques. The security group is driven by the Asset Protection Manager and comprises of volunteers from all divisions. Their objective is make the club as protected as conceivable to stay away from wounds to partners, sellers and individuals. The group has month to month gatherings to audit perceptions by colleagues of negative practices by representatives that could cause injury; survey the status on hardware fix or substitution demands; and plan security exercises for the whole club. The review group which is driven by the Club Manager is answerable for stock control, guaranteeing precise product checks, and club supplies. Except if there is an error in the checks or the club is getting ready for the yearly stock, the review group doesn't meet. The group has customary doled out obligations and assignments that are performed every day and week by week. There are reports that are produced from contributions by the review group that are evaluated by the corporate office and any errors are then sent to the Club Manager for survey and remedy. The soul group is driven by the Soft Lines Manager, and their capacity is to make exercises that support spirit and help with client care. The choices that are made by this group are viewed as fun and wacky to soothe the anxieties that originate from working in retail, that is, managing unsatisfied individuals, long queues at the check outs, and short staffed shifts. Individuals from the group will dress in interesting outfits, or will build up a subject, for example, a Hawaiian topic that draws consideration from individuals and makes an energetic situation. The supportability group is driven by the Hard Lines Manager. Their capacity is to devise approaches to diminish paper squander, water waste, and vitality preservation. The club is presently in a reusing program where all paper that will be discarded is destroyed and given to nearby veterinary centers, and creature salvage offices to line creature confines. Any cardboard or psychologist wrap plastic is made into parcels that is gotten by a nearby reusing organization to be reused for bundling items. The individuals in any event, acquire old batteries, ink cartridges, glasses, or plastic sacks that we at that point use in our bunches, give to noble cause, or send to the recycler. Vitality is spared by killing lights in unused office spaces, guaranteeing hardware is kept up, turning down the temperature on water radiators, and water utilization has been diminished by introducing water sparing spigots and toilets in the bathrooms and cafeteria and upkeep sinks. Every one of these groups fills a particular need in meeting the organization objectives, and with regards to the company’s mission. Administration and Politics Every organization needs pioneers and supervisors. While the two jobs are discrete, they can be equivalent to supervisors can be pioneers and pioneers can be directors. What makes them diverse is their core interest. Supervisors center around undertakings and procedures, pioneers center around individuals and building connections (Pinkett, 2012). Pioneers likewise carry on in manners that makes them a motivation; a motivation to different representatives and to the organization. At Sam’s Club, there is one such pioneer that stands apart over the rest. That leader’s name is Patsy. Patsy’s work title is that of Plus Champion. Patsy has been in this situation for roughly five years, and has earned each moment of it. She was picked not just for her outcomes in the acquisition of Plus participations from current individuals, yet additionally for her capacity to lead and rouse others to give a valiant effort, a

Pan American World Airways, Inc Essays - Pan American World Airways

Skillet American World Airways, Inc Skillet American World Airways, Inc (Pan Am) is a New York enterprise sorted out in 1927 which is occupied with business air transportation which it spearheaded between the United States and most territories of the world. Container Am Partnership (the Corporation), a Delaware enterprise, is and since September 14, 1984 has been the parent of Pan Am, it's head auxiliary. For as far back as not many years Pan Am's money related condition has been very poor. The organization announced a combined overal deficit for 1986 of $469.3 million. The 1988 total deficit incorporated an addition of $89.1 million coming about because of the offer of Pan Am's Airbus A320 airplane and conveyance positions. This addition was somewhat offsetted by a save of $25.7 million identified with the misfortune at a bargain of Pan Am's auxiliary, which is liable for the promoting of abundance stock, and 18 million of year-end alterations. Container Am's traveler traffic was solid in 1988. An expansion of 12.2 percent on limit of 11.2 percent. This was because of the consequence of fortifying of different European monetary standards against the U.S. dollar, charge increments in the market, upgraded the board frameworks and methodology, as well as projects to lessen the reliance on discount ticket circulations all through the Atlantic, Latin America, Domestic, and systemwide. Eventhough income was solid in 1988, work and different costs expanded at a higher rate as an outcome of endeavors to improve administration and viability of the activity. Work costs were higher in 1988 due to the aftereffect of an expansion in the quantity of representatives during the year. Likewise the expansion of expanded fuel costs, commissions, bought administrations, airplane rentals, and a $24.0 million remote trade misfortune had a negative sway on the organization. 1987 costs were affected by increments in costs for fuel, commissions, support materials and other working costs which surpassed desires. Work cost decreases were not accomplished in 1987. Different misfortunes which happened was the settlement of a $18 million arrangement for the proposed settlement of an age separation suit, and just as $42.0 million for expanded recompenses for stock outdated nature, uncollected receivables and expenses related with the WorldPass regular customer program. Organization BACKGROUND Skillet Am lead by it's organizer Juan Trippe, for all intents and purposes without any help opened up the world to business flight. Abounding with experience, global interest, and monetary controls, this sky-struck youthful man with gigantic aspiration and vision took a seaplane conveying mail 90 miles from Key West to Havana and extended the activity into the tremendous around the world aircraft that at one time viewed itself as the picked instrument of the State Department abroad. The aircraft was considered so official by Washington that Trippe had capacity to make manages outside governments abroad . In 1934 individuals thought it was for all intents and purposes difficult to cross the Pacific via air, however Trippe saw an approach to do it. Using the well known Clipper Flying Boats, Trippe accomplished the outlandish, and began the universes first trans-atlantic trips to europe, asia, and south america. Skillet Am accomplished incredible statures with the assistance of pilots like Charles Lindbergh, who opened numerous early courses, and saint pilot Eddie Musick, who spearheaded courses over the Pacific, and also Andre Priester, the designing wonder behind the early flying pontoons. As of now Pam Am gives constant assistance from the states to 36 areas in europe, asia, and south america. The organization endeavors to give the best support of every one of it's goals than the various transporters when all is said in done. By and by the carrier is attempting to accomplish a Corporate Image to pull in more specialists in this manner expanding traveler incomes. Evaluation OF COMPANY'S PERFORMANCE AND FINANCIAL CONDITION By and large, the momentary liquidity of Pan Am appears to have a stable pattern however is poor contrasted with the normal business' proportions. Through the previous two years next to no progressions can be found for the time being liquidity proportions. The firm analysis proportion places it in the lower quartile. With respect to capital structure and long haul dissolvability we can just say that the firm is encountering overwhelming misfortunes and is depending on long haul credits and tied down notes so as to fund themselves. An investor shortfall and net misfortunes gave all record proportions negative qualities. So again we can see that the capital structure and long haul dissolvability of the firm is very poor. Profit for speculations where very poor since no change happened on the return of speculation and profit for value because of the investor shortage. With respect to working execution proportions, these figures where very poor likewise because of overwhelming misfortunes in working

Healthy Food Helps Students to Study Better

Healthy Food Helps Students to Study Better Healthy Food Helps Students to Study Better Home›Education Posts›Healthy Food Helps Students to Study Better Education PostsEating is an inevitable part of our daily life. All people know that human body cannot live without food but only a few realize that healthy food can stimulate our brain activity. Eating so-called “brain foods” can make students perform better and receive higher grades. However, it is strongly recommended to balance healthy diet with regular physical activities. You may wonder how food can help me while studying? What should I eat to perform well? How can eating lead to higher grades? All answers to these questions you may find on qualitycustomessays.com.Breakfast is essential.It is a well-known fact that nowadays many students do not have breakfast. Some of them think that it is unnecessary, others say that they simply have no time for it. But students should pay close attention to such fact as eating breakfast has a strong influence on their performan ce.   Students who do not skip healthy breakfast have higher energy levels and perform better while studying. It was also found that healthy breakfast can positively influence behavioral and emotional state, thus leading to higher grades.Vitamins are crucial for proper body functioning.Every student should note that meeting daily intake of vitamins and minerals will guarantee a good functioning of the organism. Please note that vitamin B and iron are vital sources of energy, they maintain your physical and mental state in good condition resulting in good learning ability. To receive vitamin B, you should eat nuts, whole-grains, eggs, etc. Foods that contain iron are spinach, red meat, and cereals. Also it is necessary to eat fish. You may ask “why?” Because it contains omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for proper functioning of brain, helping us be more attentive and focused.Fruit and dark chocolate are “brain foods”.Fruits are very healthy food for your brain. Many f ruits contain antioxidants and different essential nutrients, therefore, whenever you go to classes or library, pack your bag with bananas, apples, oranges, and clementines. Students may not know but dark chocolate can improve your memory and raise blood flow to the brain, increasing clarity.Sticking to these recommendations will keep your brain and body in good condition. That is why eating right can help students to study better.

Is Democracy Throughout The United States Working

Is Democracy in the United States working? Many citizens feel that it is not working, or at the least, it is not working as it was originally intended. Parker J. Palmer in his book, Healing the Heart of Democracy, states that American democracy would fail if generation after generation of citizens did not develop what he refers to as â€Å"habits of the heart† that democracy requires. According to him, this is deeply ingrained patterns of receiving , interpreting , and responding to experiences that involve our intellects, emotions, self-images, and concepts of meaning and purpose—habits that form the inward and invisible infrastructure of democracy (Palmer, 2011). Many citizens today feel that the American dream is a myth. They feel that even though they may work hard, they will never be able to afford a house and send their children to college, and even if they get a college education, they will never get a good job. Some feel that there are two Americas today where citizens are divided sharply and extremely by ideology, by money and by political power. In our politics you see various opinion polls, where the citizenry feels that lobbyists have too much power, taxes should be raised on the rich, and that there should be more control of corporations. Some polls have expressed that citizens would like to see the tax system fixed. But Congress does not enact any of those concerns. This has led the public to feel that Congress listen more to the wealthy and affluentShow MoreRelatedDemocracy And The United States Government882 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Government is defined in many different ways. The most common that we hear a re the forms of democracy and republic. Although very similar, these are very loose terms when it comes to categorizing our government. The respect for human rights and involvement of the nation’s people have been a main priority in the running of the government since the beginning. Unfortunately, over time, we are seeing our freedoms and individual participation in the governments decisions slowly decliningRead MoreDemocracy, Over The Years, Has Been Both Praised And Criticized1587 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy, over the years, has been both praised and criticized as the central form of government in the United States. After the most recent election, political tensions have been high throughout the country leading to an increase in the discussion of politics in public and especially on college campuses. I have interviewed ten students on the UCSB campus about the role of democracy in the United States and if it is a good representation of a stable form of government. My in terviewees’ opinionsRead MoreIncrease of Unemployment in the United Kingdom1477 Words   |  6 PagesA political issue that the United Kingdom is currently facing is the increase of unemployment which is positively helping the economy, as a result. The number of citizens not working in the UK decreased by 63,000 to 2.33 million in only three months to January 2014, according to official figures. (BBC) This is clearly a significant current event in UK at the moment because 7.2% of their population is without a job. The unemployment rate in Scotland fell to 6.9%, in Wales it was 6.7% while in NorthernRead MoreGovernment Esssay Essay715 Words   |  3 Pagesto explain, how these organizations in the United States such as the MADD, LULAC, and NAACP can educate and help our fellow citizens of America change laws that might well need to be changed. As well as explaining the common interest these groups are concerned with. First you might ask what is the MADD and what do those letters stand for? Well I will tell you MADD is a lobby group for drinking and driving and they’re a huge organization throughout North America. MADD stands for Mothers AgainstRead MoreThe 1912 Crucial Election1346 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant presidential elections in United States history. Four nominees confronted one another during this election: Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson, Progressive leader Theodore â€Å"Teddy† Roosevelt, Republican William Howard Taft, and Socialist Eugene Debs. This election also proved to be crucial as it brought forth new considerable and â€Å"substantive† discussions concerning the Union and its future. These issues included, whether government should expand democracy, apply more control over businessesRead MoreDemocracy Essay examples678 Words   |  3 PagesDemocracy When I think of the word democracy, I think of Government. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. This means that Government must protect the basic rights, or liberties, of all people. This is the system of government that United States are base on. The United States, Cuba, and Democracy During the Clinton administration, theRead MoreDemocracy : A Country Of A Phenomenal Government Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States of America was not destined by the Founding Fathers to be a country of a phenomenal government, but a country that avoids a disastrous government. Interestingly, democracy remains profoundly revered despite the evident unhappiness resulting from the actions of America’s political system. Although the government places itself on a pedestal of righteousness, social inequality, the electoral college, super PACS, and gerrymandering all mar American history and expose the reality ofRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1391 Words   |  6 Pageswar: the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States desired to spread democracy across the globe, while the Soviet Union remained ambitious in the hopes of ending capitalism and inciting communist revolutions. The Cold War began in 1947 as a result of the ideological tension st eadily built between these two superpowers throughout both World Wars and their prolonged rivalry over the division of power in the postwar world. Tension between the Soviet Union and the United States originatedRead MoreDemocracy Assistance From The United States1416 Words   |  6 PagesSummary Kenya is a country with a promising future in becoming a consolidated democracy, though there are still many challenges to be addressed. In order to ensure Kenya’s success, I am recommending democracy assistance from the United States through programs that promote civil societies and the betterment of the peoples’ health, education, economics, and overall wellbeing. History and Synopsis According to the State Department s profile, we first established a diplomatic relations with KenyaRead MoreCivil Disobedience : An Important Part Of Society1712 Words   |  7 Pagesdisobedience is only justified when it is used peacefully against unethical and immoral laws; however, it can be prevented using democracy and ethical lawmaking. Civil disobedience has been used throughout history to try and change societal parameters and governmental rules. Henry David Thoreau coined the term ‘civil disobedience’ in 1848 to describe his refusal to pay the mandatory state poll tax implemented by the American government to fund the war. John Rawls later redefined civil disobedience as a â€Å"politically

The Field Of Ecology And Diversity - 804 Words

Ecology and diversity both focus on the measurable properties of size, types, importance, disparity, and unevenness. In the field of ecology, the understanding of diversity sophisticates with a quantitative linguist viewing diversity as a statistical analysis. Whereas, an ecologist state s diversity as numbered species (Jarvis, 2013). In ecology, all relationship are inversely related to diversity (Finkel, Early, Fuller, 1998). Identifying a population is a significant step in developing a definition of diversity and ecology. In this contribution to the definitions of ecology and diversity, Spellman and Whiting (2007) claims that ecology constitutes an interrelationship of an organism with its environment. The growth of these organisms may follow changes such that the population diversifies into other measured organisms. Moreover, diversity is respective to a framework of attaining a multicultural population of schools. The school s population prospers due to the implementation of d iverse academic disciplines and other aspects of the curriculum (Rodman, 2010). Ecology Haeckel, a German biologist, used the term ’’oecologie’’, an older spelling ecology which gives the meaning: management of a household or management of a world of living things (Ecology, 2009). Karl Marx contended ecology as a ’’metabolism to social interactions with nature, explaining that â€Å"there is a necessary metabolic interactionShow MoreRelatedAn Investigation Of A Relationship Between Species Diversity And Area Of Vegetation Patch1134 Words   |  5 PagesField Report Ecology and Evolution 775317 An Investigation of a Succession Relationship between Species Diversity Vegetation Area By Chutchanok Parinyapon 1257476 20th October 2014 Abstract A field trip to Rangitoto Island was conducted to investigate a relationship between species diversity and area of vegetation patch. The study site was chosen to study the Primary Succession of plant species as it has volcanic condition. Successional sequence for plant species on RangitotoRead More History of the Origins of Environmental Ethics Essay1045 Words   |  5 Pagesthe decade philosophers sat on the sidelines trying to determine what a field called environmental ethics might look like. The first philosophical conference was organized by William Blackstone at the University of Georgia in 1972. The proceedings were published as Philosophy and Environmental Crisis in 1974, which included Pete Gunters first paper on the Big Thicket. In 1972 a book called Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology, written by John B. Cobb, was published. It was the first single-authoredRead MoreValue Of Science Fiction909 Words   |  4 Pagesgenre in all disciplinary fields. This essay will argue that despite of the fact that science fiction somewhat consists of certain forms of unrealistic and non-scientific elements, the extent to which its value is affected is generally minimal. As will be demonstrated, there are three ways in which science fiction could claim its existent value: first, science fiction evokes innovation and inspiration, second, science fiction uses fantasy features to address contemporary ecology issue, and lastly, scienceRead MoreLocal and Regional Forces2472 Words   |  10 PagesSection B. Is local diversity a product of regional forces, local forces, or both, and how might we know? In ecology, the change in species diversity across space and time is one of the oldest studied subjects, however the underlying causes of many diversity patterns is under much debate (Field et al. 2001; MacArthur, 1972; Rosenzweig, 1995). How does diversity arise (Erwin 1991)? How is diversity distributed in space (Dean et al. 1997, Fonseca et al. 2000)? And how is diversity maintained (LandeRead MoreLocal and Regional Forces2456 Words   |  10 PagesSection B. Is local diversity a product of regional forces, local forces, or both, and how might we know? In ecology, the change in species diversity across space and time is one of the oldest studied subjects, however the underlying causes of many diversity patterns is under much debate (Field et al. 2001; MacArthur, 1972; Rosenzweig, 1995). How does diversity arise (Erwin 1991)? How is diversity distributed in space (Dean et al. 1997, Fonseca et al. 2000)? And how is diversity maintained (LandeRead MoreThe Potential Factors Affecting The Environment1107 Words   |  5 Pagesmicroorganisms, plants and animals available in a particular area covered by natural conditions. The term biological diversity first coined by Norse and Mc Mangus in 1980 (Rawat and Khare, 2010). According to the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (1987), biological diversity is the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. Biological diversity fabricates variability of gene, species and ecosystem (P.D.Sharma, 2015). It is essential for maintain theRead Mor eThe Importance Of A Foreign Country Has Changed My Life1057 Words   |  5 Pagesobserve from their perspective. Through my program I hope to appreciate the diversity another country has to offer. In spring 2017, I plan to travel to Thailand and participate in study abroad program through CISabroad. The program runs for an entire semester. I will be taking classes at Mahidol University with Thai and other international students. It was more that this program picked me then I picked this program. My field of study at Ohio University is Wildlife and Conservation Biology. As I lookedRead MoreCalifornia State University San Bernardino803 Words   |  4 Pagesof Health Science and Human Ecology The Department of Health Science and Human Ecology is one of the programs that helps student prepare for jobs in local health departments, community organizations, schools, hospitals, and other sites. The department focuses on being the forefront of scientific advancement and professional practice in the areas of research, teaching, and servicer consistent. Mission and Goals of the Department of Health Science and Human Ecology The mission of the departmentRead MoreModern Day, The Green Living Movement994 Words   |  4 Pagesmovement â€Å"intersects local state and federal politics. it impacts business practices, art and the media, education and health in the united states† (Gordon). The green living movement’s purpose is to control  pollution  or protect plant and animal diversity. In the 1960’s until the present, there has been a lot of controversy. Fallout from testing air  pollution from  millions  of  factories, cars belching chemicals into the atmosphere, and deliberate destruction of pristine rivers and lakes (such as Ohio’sRead MoreChaparral and Coastal Sage Scrub Field Investigation Make-up Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesChaparral and Coastal Sage Scrub Field Investigation Make-up The Chaparral biome is most common in latitudes of 35 degrees North and is seen most often in Southern California. Chaparral plants have special adaptations that help them deal with the unique climate. In addition there are specific characters of a Coastal Sage Scrub and Chaparral community that would help in their identification. Both of these topics, secondary succession, endangered plant species, and the importance of habitat

Don Quixote Response Free Essays

Michael B Reader Response (Don Quixote) Don Quixote is an alias taken up by a middle aged man in La Mancha Spain who has driven himself mad through the reading of old chivalrous stories that tell of knights and great battles. He soon decides to become a knight and after finding and fixes his old family armor sets off for adventures and glory. Obviously these books have had profound effects on him as he loses his grip on reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Don Quixote Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first incident happens when he comes upon an inn that he believes to be a castle where he insists that the innkeeper, who he believes to be a king, knight him. He spends the entire night there until he gets into a fight with some men who try to take his armor out of their mule’s trough and he attacks them. Soon after the innkeeper pronounces him a knight simply to be rid of him. Cervantes draws the reader in with his use of Don Quixote’s perspective. Quixote sees what his imagination creates from these stories he’s read and not what is actually there or happening. Later after he leaves the inn Don Quixote hears crying and comes across a boy being flogged by a farmer. When questioned the farmer explains that the boy has been failing in his duties but the boy tells Quixote that the farmer has not been paying him. Don Quixote hearing this thinks that the farmer is a knight and tells the man to pay the boy. When the boy tries to explain that the farmer is not a knight Quixote ignores him and asks the farmer to swear on his knighthood that he will pay the boy and once Quixote leaves the farmer continues to beat the boy but this time more severely. Cervantes here gives us a perfect example of why the modern term Quixotism was coined from the novel Don Quixote. The definition of quixotism is when someone has succumbed to misguided idealism. In this scene Don Quixote because of his misplaced faith in the old stories of chivalry intervenes in a situation and only succeeds in making things worse for the boy he had originally tried to help. Another example of this Quixotism in the novel is when Don Quixote attacks a windmill believing it to be giants and ends up making himself look foolish in front of his squire who for some reason tries to ignore the fact that his master is clearly unhinged mentally. This brings to mind that although Quixote’s actions are admirable they are doomed to fail because he is out of touch with the world he lives in. Both of these situations show that our intentions however admirable may succumb to failure if the onsequences of our actions are not considered. Opposingly it was G. K. Chesterton a British journalist of the time that claims that by writing from this perspective it made it difficult for â€Å"modern† men and women (of their time) to take the values of chivalry seriously. Don Quixote can be looked at from many different angles whether they be as a commentary on chivalry, a comedy, or even a more philosophical way considering the idealism Don Quixote is so known for. How to cite Don Quixote Response, Essay examples

Searching For Dark Matter, With Both Eyes Closed. Essays

Searching For Dark Matter, With Both Eyes Closed.? NYTimes Article Category #2. Ciara Jamie Connolly 05.02.00 Submitted 05.04.00 ?Searching For Dark Matter, With Both Eyes Closed.? In a deficit-reduction measure in 1993, the Congress killed plans already underway for building the superconducting super collider. This proved that the US was ill prepared to join their European colleagues in studying subatomic particles in the nucleus. This $10 billion machine designed to speed protons around a 54-mile track and collide them, so scientists could examine the quarks, elementary particles said to be at the heart of the nucleus. This machine is the utmost in technological advancement this century. European physicists are leading the way with their laboratory, unchallenged in a prestigious field the United States had pioneered. ?Without particle smashers, scientists are in the dark,? Michael Riordan states. This article fits into Category #2 because it shows the importance of the particle accelerators in helping ascertain scientific theories. If the theories hold true then billions of tiny particles may be the explanation of the dark matter that surrounds the Milky Way galaxy in a halo. These particles are thought to have a gravitational force. The United States do not have a dismal record of international co-operation on scientific megaprojects, and without this they will be unable to finance the project. Until now American scientists have had to travel to the sites of particle accelerators, in the technological domain of the machine they had thrived to build. However, this method will not work if the United States want to remain equal partners. Without the technology it is obvious that particle physicists face a difficult future. The technology that needs to be at their fingertips is proving too expensive. If they had constant access to a superconductor collider then the scientists could further their conclusions on the dark matter of the universe.

Health Care Expenditure Essay

Health Care Expenditure Essay Health Care Expenditure Essay Health Care Spending in the United States Josephine Nelson University of Phoenix HCS 440 Instructor: Dr. Vernita Davis The United States spends more on health care per person than any other country in the world (Allen, 2014). Also, the United States spends more of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on health care than other countries (Allen, 2014). Advancing technology, the state of the US economy, and the goal of providing quality health care are the major factors that contribute to such high health care spending in the United States. Needless to say, health care spending in the United States is a growing concern that needs to be addressed in order for the country to thrive. Current National Health Care Spending In 2013 and 2014, the driving factors of health care spending was the aging population, the Affordable Care Act and the slow growth of the economy (CMS, 2012). Health care spending growth for 2013 was just under 4% (CMS, 2012). The aging population is larger and are also living longer. This means more people on Medicare than ever before. In 2013 there was slow economic growth due to the fiscal cliff and the high unemployment rates. In 2014, the economy is beginning to grow at a faster pace. The continued implementation of the Affordable Care Act is already beginning to have a positive impact on the economy. In 2014, several insurance plans have become available to people who were unable to become insured, and more affordable health insurance plans are now offered. This is resulting in reducing the number of uninsured in the US. Although there are now more people accessing medical care because they are insured, health care providers are now receiving more reimbursements from sources w hich were not available before (CMS, 2014). As aforementioned, health care spending represents 17% of GDP for the United States compared to eight to ten percent for other countries (Allen, 2014). CMS projects health care spending in the US to reach 19.9% by 2022 (CMS, 2014). In addition to spending the most on health care, the US also has the highest growth rate of health care spending amongst other countries. Lastly, another concern is that despite health care spending in the US, health outcomes for the US are lower than other countries. It is important that the US finds ways to reduce health care spending in order to continue to thrive as a country. If the US does not find ways to lower health care expenditures, America can be forced into another recession. When thinking about ways to cut health care spending, it is important to consider that there are several stakeholders in health care. There are consumers, the government, health care providers, and health insurers who are affected by health care spending. There may be several different solutions to cut health care spending, but very few solutions that will satisfy all of the stakeholders. However, some solutions for lowering health care spending in the US are: coordination of care, incentives for better care, transparency, and monitoring the cost-effectiveness of new technologies. Forecast of the Nation’s Health Care System There are still many Americans with insurance that do not have a primary care physician. Having a primary care physician helps coordinate care for an individual. Coordination of care eliminates unnecessary duplication of procedures and expensive tests and avoidable costly emergency room visits (Community Catalyst, 2008). Coordination of care could consist of helping implement a disease management program for individuals with choric diseases. It may also include expanding electronic medical records which prevents duplication of care (Community Catalyst, 2008). Offering incentives for quality care could also help cut health care spending. Currently, providers get paid based on the quantity of care provided, even if the care provided is not of good quality or cost-effective. Medicare has recently implemented a program that withholds payments for costs

Raise vs. Rise

Raise vs. Rise Raise vs. Rise Raise vs. Rise By Maeve Maddox A recent headline in my morning paper declares: Local Unemployment Rate Raises to 4.8 percent Both as verbs and as nouns, raise and rise are used in many contexts, sometimes overlapping, but in the context of this newspaper headline, the verb should be rise. In standard usage, raise is transitive (takes an object) and rise is intransitive (no object). I suppose I’d better add, â€Å"usually,† to avoid the inevitable, â€Å"well, what about such and such?† To use raise to describe rates, someone or something must act as agent: The Fed decided to raise interest rates. The closing of three factories raised local unemployment rates. The headline requires intransitive rise: Local Unemployment Rate Rises to 4.8 percent. Both verbs occur in numerous idioms. Here are a few. Most require no explanation. Idioms with â€Å"to raise†: raise from the dead raise a ruckus (make a disturbance) raise blood pressure raise cattle (breed cattle) raise children (bring up children) People commonly talk about â€Å"raising children† or â€Å"raising a family.† When I was in school, my English teachers corrected this usage, saying, â€Å"You raise chickens, but you rear children.† As far as I can ascertain, no such distinction exists. raise game (cause game animals to show themselves) raise a response (in the context of getting an answer from someone on a two-way radio) raise a mob (stir up people to riot) raise an army (gather an army) raise a barn (construct a barn) In pioneer times in the U.S., â€Å"barn raisings† were social events at which the men helped the host build a barn while the women prepared a feast. raise one’s spirits raise money raise a blister (new shoes may raise a blister on one’s heel) raise one’s voice raise a laugh (cause amusement) rise to the occasion (prove oneself capable) Note: Jesus raised Lazarus from the dead: transitive verb with agent and direct object. Jesus rose from the dead: intransitive verb rise because the subject is the doer and there is no object.) Idioms with â€Å"to rise†: rise early (wake and get out of bed) rise from the dead rise and shine (wake up and get busy) rise in the world (improve one’s social and financial position) All rise! (Spoken by a bailiff as a judge enters the courtroom or prepares to leave) rise against (rebel) rise above adversity rise in someone’s opinion When wind rises, it increases in intensity. Rivers rise at their sources. Fish rise to the surface of a lake. Buildings rise as they are being built. Water rises. Dough rises. Smoke rises. People who become angry when being deliberately taunted are said â€Å"to rise to the bait.† And finally, something perceived as disgusting may â€Å"make one’s gorge rise.† For example, â€Å"The smell of onions made her gorge rise.† In this expression, gorge refers to stomach contents. I suppose that’s what the TV commercials mean by â€Å"acid reflux.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesAwoken or Awakened?20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Prison System in England and Wales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prison System in England and Wales - Essay Example Hence, the crux of this paper concerns the possible solution of prison crisis through the increase in number of prisons after analysing the major causes of the problem so as to examine the best possible solution of the problem in the truest sense. Effective management of prisons is one of the greatest issues confronting any country in the world. Number of prisoners is increasing in all parts of the world exacerbating the crisis in the form of inefficient management, prisoner suicides, aggression, deteriorating hygienic condition and ineffective provision of educational facilities to prisoners. The condition in the prisons of England and Wales is no different; rather it is worse than many developed countries in the world and the most significant issue behind this crisis happens to be massive overcrowding in prisons soaring at a rapid rate. The prisons in England and Wales are severely overcrowded. According to Press Release (2002), the number of people in prisons exceeded 71,500 in 2002, which was about 45,800 in the year 1992. This reveals that the number of people in prison had almost doubled within a span of just 10 years, which in itself was a record. Within Western Europe, the rate of increase in the number of prisoners is the highest, which stood at 134 per 100,000 in the year 2002, and reached 141 per 100,000 in 2004 (National Offender Management Service, 2005). Prisons have no choice but to admit more and more people as court commands people to be incarcerated every day against different criminal charges. According to Page (2003), the number of women prisoners in 1992 was 1300, while it reached 4000 in the year 2002. It shows that the number of women in prisons has risen by about 3 times during a single decade. The number of children under the age of 18 has also increased three times over the last decade. Moreover, the number of old prisoners over the age of 60 in the year 1989 was 345, which after ten years rose to 1000. This is an alarming condition and if it continues in the same direction there is a threat that it will cripple the entire criminal justice system in England and Wales (Press Release, 2002). This menace is further exacerbated with expected rise in the number of prisoners in future. The government opines that the number of prisoners in UK will reach 100,000 by the year 2010 (Page, 2003). If this prediction becomes true, the situation and environment in prisons will further be worsened, as the system is not capable to bear pressure of soaring prison population to such an extent. With the increasing number of prisoners to be fitted in the same number of prisons and cells, the prisoners are being located in narrow cells that are not designed for two or three persons at the same time. The number of beds, toilets and other facilities intended for a single person are to be shared by more than one. According to a report by House of Lords/House of Commons Joint Committee on Human Rights (2004), this surging number of prisoners has caused massive overcrowding in prisons and about 17000 prisoners happen to have been accommodated two in a cell designed for one. National Offender Management Service (2005, p16) states that, "the ten most overcrowded prisons in England in 2004 accounted for 5,900 out of the 18,400 prisoners required to share a cell in crowded conditions". The

(Storey & Co) case study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

(Storey & Co) case study analysis - Essay Example The top 4 factors identified are talent retention, effective communication, leadership retention and cultural integration (Stahl et al. 2004). Another important factor that has been seen to influence this acquisition negatively is the insecurity it induces in the acquired firm’s employees (Stahl and Bjorkman. 2006). This has direct implications on employee morale of the acquired firm. The uncertainty of the entire operation can lead to insecurities about their job in the minds of the acquired firm’s employees. We have seen that so far no communication has happened with regards to this acquisition. National cultures also play an important role in cross-border acquisitions. In our case also cultural integration holds the key to successful merger. Storey is used to a high handed culture where they impose their own practices over the acquired firm. For example, British people are more neutral in expressing their emotions at work place as compared to Americans (Hoecklin 1995 ). This means that American working style is more expressive and open than British. This can be seen in our case also as the owners of Gittins & Edwards propagated an informal culture while Storey had a very heavy handed acquisition experiences in the past. Hence, the heavy handed attitude of Storey can emanate negative responses from the more open and informal acquired company. (Bowen, Galang and Pillai 2002). The employees of Storey have been seen to exert their policies on to the new firm it acquires. This can lead to major attrition and loss of talent as there is a major cultural difference in the two firms’ operating styles. The environment within an organization is highly dependent on the attitudes and values of its present and past leaders (Bhattacharya 2010). This has implications for our case as well. The leaders at Gittins & Edwards show a very informal but commercial style, while the British communication style is very formal. Hence the employees of the acquired firm will not

The Introduction To What Is Learning?

The Introduction To What Is Learning? Philosophy is taking a theory on what one believes and why s/he believes, and these beliefs are based on ethics. It is also based on how and what one thinks about something. In short, philosophy is ideas that create reality and makes ones view clear. In this paper, in order to address my philosophy of education with regard to the Zambian education system, the purpose of education, what learning is, and what teaching is, will be discussed. Thereafter, my educational philosophical statement shall be discussed to summarize my final paper on Teacher Education. In the first place, this paper will look at the purpose of education for Zambia, at its different stages of development to what it is and serves at the moment. Purpose of Education: Education, in the Zambian scenario, has moved from indigenous, pre colonial, colonial, post colonial and after independence to the present times. It has also continued to move through the three political republics and economic phases the country has experienced. In all these periods, the school system and the education at large have tried to answer to the demands of the prevailing trends and were tailored to satisfy the needs of society at that time. This is because political changes define the purpose of education when a particular party is in power or leadership. From time immemorial, before formal education came into existence, Africans and Zambians in particular, had their indigenous form of education, which usually stressed on communal and social aspects of life rather than on individual and competitive aspect. This was true as everyone in the community took responsibility in making sure that certain values in the community were preserved. This was also part of each community members social responsibility for the common good of all. This, therefore, made this kind of education meaningful, unifying, holistic, effective, practical and relevant since it was meant to address immediate social and communal concerns. In todays education system, these characteristics can still create meaning though with a broader view of addressing both immediate and long term problems. The education offered must possess the above characteristics if it has to promote healthy democratic societies of this century. Indeed this kind of education is relevant as it addr esses the whole human being in his/her entirety. During pre colonial and colonial times, schools did not take into consideration various needs of the people, especially indigenous locals. Colonial masters and settlers gave minimal education to Zambians, which later proved to be a source of economic inequalities and social stratification, as well as an instrument of imperialism. This kind of education was not just inadequate but was also largely irrelevant to the needs of the locals (Kelly, 1999). On the other hand, missionaries introduced some kind of formal education to Zambians. This education condemned the African indigenous ways of teaching and learning to the strongest terms and labeling it as paganism or worship of idols. In their quest to introduce some form of western education, missionaries faced difficulties converting the elderly Africans. This made them target young people so that they could teach them how to read in order to help spread the gospel messages to the locals. However, this formal education given to Zambians was also just limited to learning literacy and numeracy, while other missionaries tried to develop locals skills in the vocational type of education, that is, Agriculture, Carpentry, Black smith, and many other skills. This was said to be a better way of improving the living standards of the African locals. To the contrary, the skills imparted in young Africans were meant to serve the colonial masters and missionary interests. With all the efforts missionaries put in to bring some form of formal education, colonial masters did not support the idea. Instead, the Northern Rhodesia government pursued an education policy designed to foster a rural school system biased toward education of the masses, preparing them to work in a rural setting and consolidating a conservative social order, based on tribal authority, in the interest of a settler class (Camody, 1992). This type of school system was meant to keep the Zambian locals under developed even when natural resources, such as Copper, earnings and taxes were being collected form Northern Rhodesia. The colonial government made sure that if education was to be provided, it did not go beyond primary or elementary level. It was believed that locals with this kind or level of education would carry out clerical and vocational kind of jobs for the white settlers and colonial masters with less difficulty. After independence, Zambia realized the importance of formal education to its locals. This had to be done by constructing more Primary and Secondary schools. From that time to the present, most locals look at schools as liberators and a stepping stone to a brighter and better future life. During pre colonial and colonial times, locals that received good education also got some good jobs. With good education and good jobs, living standards of some people was seen to be changing for the better as they could afford basic necessities when they got their pay. With this clear view of what education could do, Zambians realized the need for their children to go to school and get jobs that they could not get before independence. The school today is seen as a window toward economic independence for a family as one member gets a good paying job. It is believed that going to school is the best chance Zambian children have to take control of their lives. This is because an educated population wi ll help tackle the overwhelming problems of poverty. For a Zambian child today, the opportunity to stay in school and obtain a secondary education can mean the whole world to a young student. This is surely the chance to keep learning, developing and dreaming, as the gift of education is one that really never stops giving. As Young (1971) stated that, for children from disadvantaged homes, active participation in school may be the only opportunity that they have to acquire powerful knowledge and be able to move, intellectually at least, beyond their local and the particular circumstances. Most schools in Zambia have provided this service to many as they have rekindled the urge to learn and abilities imbedded in most people who might not have realized their potential without the current school system or education. The current Zambian government has developed a policy of universal free primary education. This has allowed enrollment of about 95% primary school age children with about 2 0% continuing to secondary school level and 2% of the 20 to 24 age group in tertiary level (www.unicef.org/zambia/children). This shows that drop out rate is very high and only about one third of children enrolled at first grade reach the anticipated levels at grade six. Without schools, Zambia would not have seen the current development and economic growth. The school system has helped tap talent and skill in most young Zambians who have in turn contributed to the economic and social being of our country. For sure the knowledge acquired in school may not have been acquired at home. So, we see that the purpose of education is to make sure that learners gain access to different specialist fields of knowledge, thus uplifting their social economic status in life. However, the school in Zambia needs to do more as many reasons why it existed in pre colonial and colonial times are still evident that only a few rich are able to access high and tertiary education. The poor have had difficulties realizing their dreams as they cannot afford the expensive education, which can easily change their social economic status in a short time once acquired. Only a selected few and their families achieve or attain this purpose. The curriculum seems to promote the interests of the rich and powerful citizens of our time. Politicians and ministers send their children to good schools, which are well funded and with qualified teachers while the poor people will send their children to mostly public schools, which are also poorly equipped and lack teachers. Higher education is equally very expensive making it only accessible by the few rich people. It is like a school is not, truly, just a place where everyone is special. Therefore, it is important that education is given to all regardless of their social and economic status. Government must provide equal access and same conditions to all public schools. Boyer, in his book The Basic School says that, a school is a place where everyone comes together to promote learning. If everyone is allowed to come to any school of choice in terms of specialty, then sharing of ideas will cater across all sections of life. These ideas put together would bring about national development for the good of our country. Above all, the purpose of education for the future of Zambia should be to create democratic citizens. Democracy is mentioned and stated in various forums and is documented but is also less practiced or not put into practice at all. The effective democratic principles need to be imparted in each and every learner so that the political climate and values are protected in our nation. Since the school is a disciplined place, students begin to understand that everyone lives within limits, along with free dom, and that the rights of others must be sensitively respected. Therefore, it is true to say schools have a unique role to reproduce human societies and in providing the conditions which enable them to innovate and change. Society must change as times change and try to be innovative with new ideas to ease human conditions of survival, in order to be at par with latest demands and changes in the education system. Without schools, life would have been as difficult as the world would have been fragmented and underdeveloped. Without schools, each group of people would have had difficulties to begin doing things, thus making life for each generation difficult. This is because education is there to assure coherence or continuity from one generation to the next. Schools are important for each generation as we live in a world of new developments. However, this education can only be meaningful if the learning that goes on the schools has meaning. So, what students learn, help in defining what the purpose of education is for a country like Zambia to develo p, but the question may be asked as to what really is learning? What is Learning? Learning is a wider term that may not have one specific meaning. However, it can easily be defined as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, practice, or study or by being taught. This knowledge acquired is usually new or the modification of existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types. Websters Dictionary also defines learning as the act or experience of one that learn; knowledge of skill acquired by instruction or study; modification of a behavioural tendency by experience. Basically, from an educators perspective, learning involves helping people along the learning process, and learning includes all of the things that we do to make it happen. As an end result, we know that learning occurs when people take newfound information and incorporate it into their life. Munsaka (2011) defines learning as a relatively permanent change that happens to behaviour and/or knowledge due to experience. So, learning m ust bring some form of change in one in order to be meaningful and qualify as learning. Children learn in many ways, as can be confirmed through the many theories of learning that notable scientists and researcher have devised, such as Humanist, Behaviorism, Social Learning, Cognitive, Critical Reflection and/or Constructivism. Humanists believe that learners will naturally progress toward increased competence, autonomy, freedom, and fulfillment, while Behaviorism emphasizes on changes in observable behaviors. Social learning theorists explain that most of what children learn is through observation and interactions with other learners in a social context. Cognitive learning is a process occurring inside the learner in an attempt to make sense out of the world and give meaning to experiences, while Critical Reflection refers to learning that is deeper, more fundamental, relating to values, philosophical, and worldview and the nature of knowledge itself. Constructivists look at the importance of active involvement of learners in constructing knowledge for themselves. Cons tructivism, therefore, emphasizes top-down kind of learning, that is, begin with complex problems and teach basic skills while solving these problems. In todays learning, how children learn is just as important as what they learn. They are taught the basic skills in all the fundamental areas and also to be active seekers of information and constructors of knowledge. This is accomplished through learning activities that emphasize problem solving, communication, collaboration, seeking connections, technology, and engaged learning as children are actively involvement in the learning process. This is opposed to the current system where it is expected that learning goals should be achieved by a certain age, (Medina, 2008: 67). So, one of the first things a teacher must do when considering how children learn is to acknowledge that each child does not learn in the same way. This means children develop at different rates even when they are of the same grade or at the same age. Therefore, un derstanding the learners before they learn is inevitable. Because of this, some will learn better by modeling others, while some learn better when either positively or negatively reinforced or motivated. On the other hand, many children will learn well when they do things for themselves. This has not been the case in many instances as children are usually viewed as blank slates, meaning people who do not know anything until the teacher has imparted something in them. Since learning refers to changes in the learners knowledge that arise from experience, learners should not be viewed as passive receivers of information, but rather as active participants in the process of generating knowledge (Munsaka, 2011). Learning can, therefore, be viewed from the perspective of the changes that take place in behaviour and/or the changes that take place in knowledge through learners own initiative to create their own content or information to learn. Our role as teachers is to make sure that as ch ildren learn; they gain knowledge in the learning process and actually implement the new skills over a long period of time. For learning to take place, learners must be actively involved in the learning process. Some interaction of some kind between a learner and his/her environment should happen. This means the learner determines the course of learning as s/he tries to solve problems and constructs ideas to answer to the questions at hand. In this case, the teacher acts as a guide who assists the learners to make sense of the information recorded in order to create meaning through correct interpretation. Resnick (1989: 2), states that, learning occurs not by recording information but by interpreting it. It is very true that learning occurs when the students are confronted with something new or different from what they already know. Learners learn when they respond by incorporating new ideas, adapting to the new environment or even rejecting what is new. As learners attack or respond to new ideas, it is the duty of the teacher to help out as learners are not the sole players in the constructivist learning process. Other players, such as tutors, lecturers, and friends are very important if meaningful learning is to take place. Since learners are allowed to build their own understanding from various sources and make this learning a very personal construct, I believe constructivism is the way to go if learning has to be relevant to learners. For instance, in my teaching of Art and Design, learners are at liberty to determine what they want to know and how they want to learn, especially with their practical learning, which requires them to produce artifacts. At the moment, the students use sketch books to draw and come up with artworks of their choice and ideas. However, to design effective environments, one needs a very good understanding of what learners know when they come to the classroom. Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon current and past knowledge or experience. In other words, learning involves constructing ones own knowledge from ones own experiences. (Devries Zan, 2003) Constructivist learning, therefore, is a very personal endeavor, whereby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical lesson. Regardless of the variety of content, constructivism promotes a students free exploration within a given framework or structure. Learners have to construct and do what they want to learn since Constructivism demands that learning be an active, contextualized process of constructing knowledge rather than acquiring it. This knowledge is constructed based on personal experiences and hypotheses of the environment and learners continuously test these hypotheses through social negotiation. Each learner has a different interpretation and construction of knowledge process. The learner therefore is not a blank slate (tabula rasa) as other theories might suggest but brings past experiences and cultural factors to a situation. The teacher acts as a facilitator who encourages students to discover principles for themselves and to construct knowledge by workin g to solve realistic problems. Aspects of constructivism can be found in self-directed learning, transformational learning, and experiential learning. I strongly believe that learning makes sense when learners determine what they want to learn. Learning also brings meaning when learners discover for themselves and can learn from even unexpected sources. If all teachers can give room for learners to decide what and how they want to learn, then learning will make meaning, be exciting and also relevant to the learners. This, however, does not rule out the importance of teaching. A teacher remains important in the learning process, thus the need to look at what teaching really is and what it does to complete the whole process of learning. Though learning can take place without a teacher, guidance is cardinal in order to be systematic in the learning process of students. What then is teaching and what role does it play in the education of students? What is Teaching? Teaching is a term that one may not be so clear if in its definition learners are not mentioned anywhere. Most importantly, the two cannot be separated as they go hand in hand. Teaching, in my view, is learning, challenging, trying in great ways, and is caring for the learners as it involves helping them. Anderson and Burns (1989) defines teaching as an interpersonal, interactive activity, typically involving verbal communication, which is undertaken for the purpose of helping one or more students learn or change the ways in which they can or will behave. So, we see that teaching is a process which is designed and performed to produce change in behaviour of students. It is however important to realize that the purpose is not to teach students how to memorize information, or how to know all the correct answers, but it lies in getting students to truly understand the concepts being put across for their benefit. If well handled, teaching is a profession that can produce something amazin g when the right ideas and beliefs are implemented in the classroom. Therefore, teaching refers to the teachers construction of environments for the students that are intended to foster changes in the learners knowledge and behaviour. (Gagne, 1974) As a strong supporter and believer of constructivist theory, I always acknowledge that no one learner learns the same way as the other. Each learner learns in his/her own way and understands things differently. Hence, careful selection of styles or methods of teaching would be of help for better comprehension in learners. This means if a teacher chooses just one style of teaching, the students will not be maximizing their learning potential. However, in my style of teaching, I have in many times believed that students can construct their own learning and that all students have something to contribute to the classroom environment. By connecting students learning to something they know, they get involved in their works with the seriousness it deserves and are motivated more than ever before. My job solely remains as a facilitator, where I clearly guide and assist the students through their tasks and their own discoveries. As a guide, I provide access to information rather than acting a s a primary source of information. This allows students to search for knowledge through the artifacts they make, thus answering to the questions on their minds. So, for students to construct knowledge, they need the opportunity to discover for themselves and practice skills in real situations. Providing students access to hands on activities and allowing adequate time and space to use materials that reinforce the topic being studied creates an opportunity for individual discovery and construction of knowledge to take place. I take learning in a direction relevant to students interest by asking them to come up with their own practical projects. In this way, students generate ideas and set goals that make for much richer activities than I could have created or imagined myself. Therefore, I view teaching as a process of encouraging students to make links between their real world experiences and the subject being studied. In Art and Design, it is important to provide students with hand s on activities because it makes students have ownership in the project or activity. They are motivated to work hard and master the skills necessary to reach their potential and/or goals. Being clear, however, about my expectations and communicating them clearly helps my students to learn more and perform better. Teaching is not just telling and supplying students with facts and information in much the same way that an empty glass is filled or a plain paper is filled with writings or even as though they were blank slates, as convinced by most of the behaviorists. These educational practices have been successful at producing proficiency in the lower order skills measured on many tests, but have generally met with little success in developing the kind of knowledge and abilities that students need in real life situations (National Assessment of Education Progress, 1981). Newer understanding of how people learn present a formation of teaching that focuses on developing thinking students who understand and can use what they learn. This idea is what is termed as constructivist because it sees learning as an active internal process in which learners actively create knowledge by connecting new information to what they already know, rather than as a process in which learners are passive recipients of information transferred to them from external sources. Teaching in this way emphasizes on developing students capacities for analysis and problem solving, rather than on having them cover the curriculum in the most efficient manner possible. It is rooted in the assumption that all human beings have a deep drive to make sense of the world (Carini, 1987). Constructivist classrooms function on the basis that learning in school should not be different from the many rich natural forms of learning that students have experienced before they have ever entered the school. Real life situations form the basis for learning and teaching is based on the confidence that in the course of trying to solve practical problems, students have continual opportunities to organize and reorganize their understandings and to develop various access routes to their knowledge. In my teaching, students are allowed to do practical activities, which are mainly hands on type of artworks. My teaching style, based on the constructivist theory of learning, allows students to use their own imaginations and personal experiences to come up with artifacts. As students interact socially, their learning is supported by multiple exposures since they bring into one place various experiences. In this way, they determine their course of learning. They are also allowed to copy and learn from other prominent artists and craftspeople in the community. This gives them an opportunity to learn from other people other than the teacher or lecturer and peers. This kind of learning remains natural as it does not alter the usual form of learning, which the community has always embraced. Although in most cases the choice of a teaching strategy depends on the topic being covered and the availability of teaching resources, the use of materials and tools is definitely inevitable in order to motivate the learners to develop their manipulative skills and to be creative students. Lessons guided by constructivist understandings provide opportunities for the students to actively explore, inquire, discover, and experiment with the materials provided. The learning and teaching materials, which are so essential in the teaching of Art and Design, provide students with insights and practical realities of concepts and theories they are learning. On the other hand, some students l earn well through observation and curiosity. They are able to reproduce artworks of others after learning by observation. In my teaching, I emphasize on the use of a critical eye, asking students to go beyond just looking at things but to see things with an extra eye. Some students learn faster while others learn slower, but the fact is they are able to use their curiosity to learn and do well on what they see. As a teacher who is always there to facilitate teaching and learning, I give more time to the students so that they can perfect their curiosity. Above all, I should know how to employ the most effective teaching and learning strategies to enable students make progress. The whole process of teaching using the constructivist ideas, as a teacher, is to help the students learn as much as their potential permits (Travers et.al, 1993). Using the four practical starting points in Art and design, the teacher makes sure that performance based teaching provides opportunities for real world experiences in which the student can apply prior knowledge, create new understandings and extend their skill in practical ways. Perkinson in Muzumara (2011) also emphasizes that as teachers we need to involve our pupils in the lessons we teach through practical work where they can use their knowledge, manipulative skills and apply their different senses to learn new ideas and develop knowledge and understand. Much of the art lessons are practical, where students usually learn by doing, which helps to enhance and promote the development of processes, manipulative skills, attitudes, as well as the acquisition of knowledge. The available literature, however, reveals that there is not any theory of teaching at all. There are only models or paradigms of teaching. Teaching theory takes a wider viewpoint. Thus, teachers and students are the major variables of teaching theory. It is based upon learning theory, learning conditions and learning mechanisms. Constructivists, therefore, provide students with flexible schedules and lots of time to explore a variety of issues and topics. This gives them the opportunity to temporarily shift their attention, if they want, and their work to focus on other studies and to return, at later dates, to previously unfinished projects or interests. Even if this theory is integrated around a theme and generally consists of more active assignments than written tasks, the ideas in it are developed and organized by someone other than the student, who in this case, is the lecturer or teacher of Art. In contrast, curricula developed through constructivist teaching are not only driv en by students pursuits of their own questions but also are built to include opportunities for students themselves to connect, organize, and integrate their understandings from the information they encounter in the course of their various experiences. As a teacher or lecturer, I act as a guide, a mentor, and an advisor, building bridges between my students individual interests and understandings and the common skills and knowledge society expects them to acquire. Falk (1994) affirms to this fact that constructivist teachers help students understand that there is a place for everyone in the classroom and the school. My philosophy of Education In order to define the purpose of education, what learning is, and indeed what teaching is, it is important also to state my philosophy of my involvement in education, thus my philosophy of education. In my teaching of Art and Design to the students, I have come to believe that my students have something to offer in my art classes. In order to foster critical thinking in my students, my teaching philosophy is to make sure students learn by discovery, do things with their own minds and own creativity. I believe this kind of teaching and learning brings true meaning of what education must be like or is like. By doing things for themselves and directing their learning, students truly understand the concepts for each topic under study. Art and design is a practical subject. In its practicability, it allows me as a lecturer to give guidance and facilitate students learning as they discover relevant information. The practical nature of the subject I teach allows every learner, slower or faster, to give in their best abilities even as I give guidance. Through encouraging students in what they do practically, students are connected to the real world as they produce things they see in the environment through hands on activities. I also believe that as a guide and as an educator, I must accord a fertile ground for my students to meet their fullest potential in their construction of knowledge through the artworks they make. I do this well by providing access to relevant knowledge that will help them develop emotionally, socially, physically, and intellectually. The use of a variety of strategies due to a number of topics which require diversity in teaching will be/is considered but students do more of discoveries and construct their own knowledge, thus constructivist theory. A variety of material used in Art and design accords my students a chance to improve their manipulative skills and creativity. As I provide these materials, the students take this opportunity to experiment and discover answers to the questions that puzzle their minds. With the materials provided, students discover information relevant and of interest to their lives, thus self motivation in their own course of study. This also creates ownership of the artifacts for the students. As an educator, my role is to instill the desire to find out more by students as they discover and re discover new information and knowledge through their various artworks. My role as lecturer is to give students the tools with which to cultivate their own gardens of knowledge. To accomplish this goal, I will teach to the needs of each student so that all can feel capable, competent and successful. I will present the curriculum that involves the interests of the students and makes learning relevant to life. This is easily done when students are directly in hands on learning in order to make them active learners. This ensures learning is tied into the world community to help students become caring and active members of the society, who will also function effectively in a dynamic world. The acquisition of knowledge for long life skills is d

Compare and contrast 2 treatments of crime. (TEP’s and AMP’s Token economy program and anger management program. Essay

Token economy programmes are a form of behaviour modification based on the principles of operant conditioning. They are used in prisons to encourage the reduction of anti-social behaviour and criminal behaviour; they involve awarding tokens to offenders if a desired behaviour is performed. The tokens may then be exchanged for various rewards. The aim is for the desired behaviour to be repeated. As a treatment it involves setting out a range of desirable behaviours and reinforcing the offender whenever the behaviour is displayed. This behaviour would focus upon non-aggressive, these behaviours are expected that the behaviour will become learned and automatic. Positive reinforces come in the shape of tokens—a secondary reinforcement, which can be exchanged for primary reinforcement. Negative reinforcement comes with the threat of removal of tokens and prisoners change their behaviour to avoid this consequence. A token economy system uses operant conditioning to gradually changing behaviour through primary and secondary renforcements. Anger management is another treatment aimed to prevent crime. It is used in prisons, and participants may participate voluntarily or as part of their sentence. This is used identify triggers which may cause there aggression. By preventing aggression, the likelihood of crimes being committed is reduced. The treatment usually takes place in group settings and occurs about twice a week. A trained person runs the group. They are usually asked what factors make them feel angry and thus trigger aggression. Once this trigger has been identified, strategies can be taught which to condole and reduce the anger they experiences. An anger management programme will be based around 3 key stages; cognitive preparation (analysing past aggression and discovering patterns, and the offender also looks at the consequences of aggression), skills acquisition (where they are taught techniques that help them to manage their response to triggers in a more productive way.) and application practice (the offender to test their skills in a range of situations). Token economy works because the behaviour of the offender is being constantly monitored and recorded in order to award the tokens, and then becomes habit. However it is limited to institutions like a prison for this token economy to work because they will not get such awards in the ‘real world’ but it is the plan that due to what is shown by operant conditioning these desired  behaviours may/can become a habit and thus behaviour is repeated. Anger management can also have a similar problem, it may be easier to control your anger and follow the program while in the group but in the ‘real world’ it may be harder to follow or perform the behaviours that are learnt from the program. Even though this may happen for anger management there is still very effective, the offenders take part voluntarily. This increases the programme’s effectiveness, as offenders who take part voluntarily are usually more committed to the programme’s success. This is in contrast to other treatments, such as token economy, which are often enforced over an entire prison system meaning that it may not be successful in all cases. But not all anger management is voluntary some people have to take part as part of their sentence. This provides an ulterior motive and although the offender may appear to have made progress, this could be false and the issue of anger is not actually being addressed (demand characteristics). This means that anger management like token economy may not be effective for everyone. Another problem you may find in anger management is by doing the course they may be singled out (especially in prisons) and by singling out prisoners to show they are doing this program may cause prisoners not to take it seriously or may not consider taking it voluntary, or may take it for other motives e.g. some times taking the course can help your bid to get erlyer or longer parole periods. Token economy on the other hand dose not single out specific prisoners as all prisoners have to take part in the programme, no single prisoner can have an ulterior motive for participating. However anger management is supported by Ireland (2000). They compared 50 young offenders on an anger management programme with 37 on the waiting list for anger management. Before and after treatment scores were taken on level of aggression shown (as reported by prison officers and by the prisoners themselves through self-report). 92% of the treatment group showed some drop in aggression with 48% showing major decreases. 8% showed deterioration. This evidence shows strong support of anger management programmes as a way to control aggression in prison. Hobbs and Holt (1976) measured the effect of token economy on a sample of young delinquents across 3 institutions  (with one other institution being used as a comparison[control group]). Tokens were awarded to those in the experimental groups whenever target behaviour was displayed. These were swapped for primary reinforces. There was a significant (28%) increase in the target behaviours in the experimental groups compared to the controls. This shows that the token economy was an effective and cost effective (less than $8 per month per boy) way to control the behaviour of criminals whilst in prison. By comparing the results it would seem that anger management may be more effective as a way to treat crime but the numbers of people who participated was far less so Hobbs and Holt may have less success rate due to the larger groups meaning that the result may be more valid due to it being easer to apply to the prison population.

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Catcher In The Rye Nonconformist Analysis - 700 Words

Is the world a perfect, beautiful place? Or is it filled with selfish, evil people whose conformity is destroying society? According to Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, the second question models the world in which he lives. Over a span of three days, nonconformist Holden seeks different people to connect with, most of whom are conformists, but is left isolated and unhappy as no one seems to care about him. Through the characterization of Holden Caulfield, JD Salinger develops the theme of society’s disdain of nonconformity, leading to the depression of nonconformists. Leaving nonconformists depressed, Salinger exposes the harsh theme of the rejection of different values as compared to most†¦show more content†¦All throughout the novel, Holden encounters conformity, resulting in him being cynical and unhappy. Using Dick Slagle as an example, Salinger continues the theme of the shunning of nonconformity in society. A past roommate of Holden’s, Dick Slagle feuds with Holden over their suitcases, since Holden has an expensive one whereas he does not. After Holden put his bags under his bed to make Dick feel better about his inexpensive suitcases, Dick â€Å"took [Holden’s suitcases] out and put them back on the rack† (121). Dick wants these suitcases to look like they were his, only to make people think he is wealthy. He is conforming to society’s core value of wealth to fit in, and manipulates Holden to help achieve this goal. Putting his bags under his bed, Holden doesn’t want Dick to be upset that Holden is wealthier than him and wants a connection with him, since he feels lonely. However, Dick’s main priority is to act wealthy and to conform into society. Furthermore, Dick says many â€Å"snotty things† about Holden’s suitcase, like saying it was â€Å"bourgeois† (121). By making rude comments and moving Holden’s suitcases, Dick eliminates the opportunity to have a connection with Holden, which is what Holden wants. He brings Holden down to make him feel better about himself, and as a result conforms to society by acting like he’s rich. Since Holden is depressed by the thought Dick doesn’t care about being friends, both of them separate as roommates. Having differentShow MoreRelatedA Psychological Interpretation: the Irony of Holden Caulfield’s Inner Conflict with Society2496 Words   |  10 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, a novel written by J. D. Salinger is a story about a unique yet troubled boy named Holden Caulfield. Sal inger masterfully depicts the story’s protagonist as a well rounded character who feels the full range of emotions. Holden is consumed by the desire to live in a world where he can play the hero and surround himself with love and acceptance. Holden’s need for love and belonging, however, creates an irony because it provokes an intense aversion to society that pushes Holden